| Scientific Info |
| Iron deficiency has a role in aging and age-related disorders. |
Ageing Res Rev. 2004 Jul;3(3):303-18.
Heme, iron, and the mitochondrial decay of ageing.
Atamna H.
This review discusses heme metabolism as related to metabolic changes seen in ageing and age-related disorders and highlights the possible role in iron deficiency. |
| Iron deficiency in mothers is associated with spina bifida in the offspring. |
J Nutr. 2004 Jun;134(6):1516-22.
Low maternal dietary intakes of iron, magnesium, and niacin are associated with spina bifida in the offspring.
Groenen PM, van Rooij IA, Peer PG, Ocke MC, Zielhuis GA, Steegers-Theunissen RP.
Low preconceptional intakes of plant proteins, iron, magnesium, and niacin are associated with a 2- to 5-fold increased risk of spina bifida. |
| Iron supplementation alleviates inflammatory bowel disease. |
Gut. 2004 Aug;53(8):1190-7.
Iron, anaemia, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Gasche C, Lomer MC, Cavill I, Weiss G.
It is our experience that virtually all patients with IBD associated anaemia can be successfully treated with a combination of iron sucrose and erythropoietin, which then may positively affect the misled immune response in IBD. |
| Iron supplementation improves infant blood lead levels. |
J Pediatr. 2003 Dec;143(6):789-95.
Effects of iron therapy on infant blood lead levels.
Wolf AW, Jimenez E, Lozoff B.
Correcting and/or preventing iron deficiency appear to be rapid and effective means of improving infant lead levels, even in nonanemic infants. |
| Iodine deficiency becoming a problem in the U.S. and must be monitored. |
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Oct;83(10):3401-8.
Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994)
Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, Flanders DW, Gunter EW, Maberly GF, Braverman LE, Pino S, Miller DT, Garbe PL, DeLozier DM, Jackson RJ.
The findings in 1988-1994, although not indicative of iodine deficiency in the overall U.S. population, define a trend that must be monitored. |
| Iodine deficiency found in the United Kingdom. |
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004 Sep;89(5):F436-9.
Prevalence of maternal dietary iodine insufficiency in the north east of England: implications for the fetus.
Kibirige MS, Hutchison S, Owen CJ, Delves HT.
In this study, 3.5% of pregnant women had evidence of iodine deficiency, and 40% may be borderline deficient. Larger scale studies are required to estimate the true prevalence of iodine deficiency in the United Kingdom. |
| Iodine is important for regulation of thyroid function during normal pregnancy. |
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;18(2):133-52.
The regulation of thyroid function during normal pregnancy: importance of the iodine nutrition status.
Glinoer D.
Particular attention is required to ensure that pregnant women receive an adequate iodine supply, by administering multivitamin tablets containing iodine supplements, in order to achieve the ideal recommended dietary allowance of 200-250 microg iodine/day. |
| Iodine supplementation necessary for pregnant women in Europe. |
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;58(7):979-84.
Iodine supplementation of pregnant women in Europe: a review and recommendations.
Zimmermann M, Delange F.
In most European countries, pregnant women and women planning a pregnancy should receive an iodine-containing supplement ( approximately 150 microg/day). |
| Manganese may lower breast cancer risk. |
Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(2):131-7.
Raw and cooked vegetables, fruits, selected micronutrients, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Germany.
Adzersen KH, Jess P, Freivogel KW, Gerhard I, Bastert G.
No significant association with risk was seen for an increased intake of fruits, cooked vegetables, fiber, calcium, manganese, or iron. In this population of German women, components of raw vegetables and some micronutrients appear to decrease breast cancer risk. |
| Manganese may play a vital role in fetal development. |
Nutrition. 1999 Oct;15(10):731-4.
Whole blood manganese levels in pregnancy and the neonate.
Spencer A.
The data confirms a concentrating effect of Mn, as measured by whole blood levels, throughout pregnancy and more dramatically so in the neonate which may indicate a vital role in fetal development. |
| Potassium reduces adverse effects of lithium on growth and renal function. |
J Clin Psychiatry. 1992 Oct;53(10):370-2.
Potassium supplementation in lithium patients: a timely intervention or premature speculation?
Jefferson JW.
Studies in rats found that dietary potassium supplementation reduced adverse effects of lithium on growth and renal function and morphology. Loss of intracellular potassium may contribute to lithium-induced electrocardiographic ST-T wave changes. |
| Potassium with magnesium is beneficial for cardiac and renal damage. |
Surgery. 2000 Jul;128(1):67-75.
Beneficial effects of dietary magnesium and potassium on cardiac and renal morphologic features in cyclosporin A-induced damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Pere AK, Krogerus L, Mervaala EM, Karppanen H, Ahonen J, Lindgren L.
Dietary magnesium, especially in combination with potassium, protects against cyclosporin A-induced cardiac and renal damage. |
| Zinc is important for preventing aging. |
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Mar 1;423(1):227-34.
A role for supplements in optimizing health: the metabolic tune-up.
Ames BN.
Deficiency of vitamins B-12, folic acid, B-6, C or E, or iron or zinc appears to mimic radiation in damaging DNA by causing single- and double-strand breaks, oxidative lesions or both. Half of the population may be deficient in at least one of these micronutrients. |
| Zinc Scientific Research |
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| Manganese aided in siring healthier chicks. |
Poult Sci. 2004 Mar;83(3):344-51.
Immune system and cardiac functions of progeny chicks from dams fed diets differing in zinc and manganese level and source.
Virden WS, Yeatman JB, Barber SJ, Willeford KO, Ward TL, Fakler TM, Wideman RF Jr, Kidd MT.
Although progeny ascites incidence did not differ between breeder mineral treatments, breeders fed supplemental Zn and Mn sired progeny with improved cardiac functional capacity and some improvements in immunity. |
| Manganese deficiency increased oxidative stress in patients with chronic pancreatitis. |
Trop Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr-Jun;25(2):69-72.
Micronutrient antioxidant intake in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
Bhardwaj P, Thareja S, Prakash S, Saraya A.
Patients with chronic pancreatitis had significantly decreased micronutrient intake (including manganese) owing to diet modification due to pain. Micronutrient deficiency might contribute to increased oxidative stress in these patients. |
| Selenium deficiency leads to enhanced cell loss. |
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2004 Jul;45(3):164-78.
Selenium and brain function: a poorly recognized liaison.
Schweizer U, Brauer AU, Kohrle J, Nitsch R, Savaskan NE.
Selenium depletion in animals is associated with decreased activities of Se-dependent enzymes and leads to enhanced cell loss in models of neurodegenerative disease. Genetic |
| Selenium helps protect pregnant mothers from toxic pollutants. |
Environ Res. 2004 Sep;96(1):51-61.
Selenium in pregnancy: is selenium an active defective ion against environmental chemical stress?
Kantola M, Purkunen R, Kroger P, Tooming A, Juravskaja J, Pasanen M, Seppanen K, Saarikoski S, Vartiainen T.
These data suggest that selenium has an active role in the mother's defense systems against the toxicity of environmental pollutants and the constituents of cigarette smoke. |
| Selenium is effective in lymphedema treatment. |
J Support Oncol. 2003 Jul-Aug;1(2):121-30.
Current status of selenium and other treatments for secondary lymphedema.
Bruns F, Micke O, Bremer M.
Present data demonstrate that selenium can enhance the benefits of physical therapy in radiation-induced lymphedemas.The very low toxicity profile of selenium and its cost effectiveness are further arguments for its use in lymphedema treatment.
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| Selenium promotes neuronal cell survival. |
J Neurochem. 2003 Jul;86(1):1-12.
Selenium and selenoproteins in the brain and brain diseases.
Chen J, Berry MJ.
Selenoprotein P has been reported to possess antioxidant activities and the ability to promote neuronal cell survival. Recent studies in cell culture and gene knockout models support a function for selenoprotein P in delivery of selenium to the brain.
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| Zinc deficiency and its importance for child health is increasingly appreciated. |
Curr Opin Pediatr. 2002 Jun;14(3):350-3.
Update on micronutrients: iron and zinc.
Oken E, Duggan C.
Zinc is another micronutrient whose significance to child health is increasingly appreciated. |
| Zinc deficiency found in blacks and female children. |
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003 Nov;54(6):485-90.
Race-, gender- and age-specific differences in dietary micronutrient intakes of US children.
Ganji V, Hampl JS, Betts NM.
Blacks and female children were at a greater risk for vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium, iron and zinc deficiency. |
| Zinc has been successful in treating specific types of schizophrenia. |
Biol Psychiatry. 1982 Apr;17(4):513-32.
Zinc, the brain and behavior.
Pfeiffer CC, Braverman ER.
Alcoholism, schizophrenia, Wilson's disease, and Pick's disease are brain disorders dynamically related to zinc levels. Zinc has been employed with success to treat Wilson's disease, achrodermatitis enteropathica, and specific types of schizophrenia.
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| Choline found to be a factor in treatment of mania with lecithin. |
Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Sep;139(9):1162-4.
Lecithin in the treatment of mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.
Cohen BM, Lipinski JF, Altesman RI.
Improvement with lecithin was significantly greater than improvement with placebo in five of the six patients studied. The authors discuss the possible mechanism of action of lecithin, including cholinergic and membrane-altering effects. |
| Choline is beneficial in treating rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. |
Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Sep 1;40(5):382-8.
Choline in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: clinical and neurochemical findings in lithium-treated patients.
Stoll AL, Sachs GS, Cohen BM, Lafer B, Christensen JD, Renshaw PF.
Choline, in the presence of lithium, was a safe and effective treatment for 4 of 6 rapid-cycling patients in our series. |
| Choline is effective in treating mania. |
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1990;14(3):423-9.
The neurochemistry of mania: a hypothesis of etiology and rationale for treatment.
Leiva DB.
Described in this article are some successful preliminary attempts by others, to treat Mania with Phosphatidyl Choline and the author will present, for the first time, data relating to success with the use of Phosphatidyl Choline in bringing about permanent remission of mania in 10 treatment subjects since 1983. In conclusion the author proposes a Cholinergic Insufficiency Hypothesis as a primary factor in the causation of Mania |
| Choline may assist in improving memory in older adults. |
Nutrition. 2003 Nov-Dec;19(11-12):957-75.
"Brain-specific" nutrients: a memory cure?
McDaniel MA, Maier SF, Einstein GO.
The choline compounds PC and citicoline are thought to promote synthesis and transmission of neurotransmitters important to memory. Research on citicoline is practically nonexistent, but one study reported a robust improvement in story recall for a small sample of normally aging older adults who scored lower than their peers in baseline testing. |
| Chromium may be useful in treating dysthymic disorder. |
J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;60(4):237-40.
Chromium potentiation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for dysthymic disorder in 5 patients.
McLeod MN, Gaynes BN, Golden RN.
Preliminary observations suggest that chromium may potentiate antidepressant pharmacotherapy for dysthymic disorder. |
| Chromium monotherapy is effective in treating depression. |
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000 Dec;3(4):311-314.
Chromium treatment of depression.
McLeod MN, Golden RN.
Eight patients with refractory mood disorders received chromium supplements and described dramatic improvements in their symptoms and functioning. This is the first case series describing the response to chromium monotherapy. |
| Chromium shows promise in atypical depression. |
Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Feb 1;53(3):261-4.
Effectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trial.
Davidson JR, Abraham K, Connor KM, McLeod MN.
Chromium picolinate shows promising antidepressant effects in atypical depression. Its mechanism of action may relate to 5HT2A downregulation, increased insulin sensitivity, or to other effects. |
| Inositol found to have a beneficial effect on depression. |
Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(1):167-75.
Inositol treatment in psychiatry.
Benjamin J, Agam G, Levine J, Bersudsky Y, Kofman O, Belmaker RH.
An open-label, add-on trial of inositol in depression suggested a beneficial effect. Inositol was also effective for panic disorder. |
| Inositol has therapeutic effects in panic disorder and OCD. |
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997 May;7(2):147-55.
Controlled trials of inositol in psychiatry.
Levine J.
These results suggest that inositol has therapeutic effects in the spectrum of illness responsive to serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitors, including depression, panic and OCD. |
| Inositol is effective in a spectrum of disorders responsive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. |
Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;153(9):1219-21.
Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Fux M, Levine J, Aviv A, Belmaker RH.
The authors conclude that inositol is effective in depression, panic, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, a spectrum of disorders responsive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. |
| Magnesium alleviates premenstrual symptoms of fluid retention. |
J Womens Health. 1998 Nov;7(9):1157-65.
Magnesium supplementation alleviates premenstrual symptoms of fluid retention.
Walker AF, De Souza MC, Vickers MF, Abeyasekera S, Collins ML, Trinca LA.
A daily supplement of 200 mg of Mg (as MgO) reduced mild premenstrual symptoms of fluid retention in the second cycle of administration. |
| Magnesium helps prevent aging in urban population. |
Magnes Res. 1996 Dec;9(4):299-306.
Magnesium and antioxidant vitamin status and risk of complications of ageing in an elderly urban population.
Singh RB, Rastogi V, Singh R, Niaz MA, Srivastav S, Aslam M, Singh NK, Moshir M, Postiglione A.
The findings suggest that some urban populations of India can benefit by consuming higher dietary magnesium, potassium and antioxidant vitamins for prevention of ageing. |
| Magnesium is effective in relieving premenstrual mood changes. |
Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Aug;78(2):177-81.
Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes.
Facchinetti F, Borella P, Sances G, Fioroni L, Nappi RE, Genazzani AR.
These data indicate that Mg supplementation could represent an effective treatment of premenstrual symptoms related to mood changes. |
| Magnesium supplementation has a positive effect on fetal circulation. |
Magnes Res. 1992 Sep;5(3):179-81.
Oral magnesium supplementation improves fetal circulation.
Facchinetti F, Battaglia C, Benatti R, Borella P, Genazzani AR.
They conclude that oral magnesium supplementation in pregnancy is safe and that it has a positive effect on the fetal circulation. |
| Potassium reduces toxic side effects from lithium. |
Med Hypotheses. 1986 Aug;20(4):359-83.
The use of sodium and potassium to reduce toxicity and toxic side effects from lithium.
Cater RE.
Evidence is presented to suggest that therapeutic effectiveness can be maintained and toxic side effects and risk of toxicity reduced, by using both sodium and potassium, and by modestly raising the dosage of lithium. |
| Molybdenum deficiency may be cause of neonatal convulsions. |
Neuropediatrics. 1993 Jun;24(3):139-42.
Molybdenum-cofactor deficiency: an easily missed cause of neonatal convulsions.
Slot HM, Overweg-Plandsoen WC, Bakker HD, Abeling NG, Tamminga P, Barth PG, Van Gennip AH.
Because of the high incidence of neonatal convulsions a search for this deficiency is advocated in each case of unexplained refractory neonatal convulsions. |
| Molybdenum is indispensible in normal human development. |
Clin Ter. 1993 May;142(5):459-64.
Molybdenum: an indispensible trace element in normal human development.
Mancinella A.
Having briefly analyzed the role of molybdenum in the metabolism of living organisms, the author describes conditions induced by molybdenum deficit and poisoning due to this metal. |
| Molybdenum is necessary for those receiving parenteral nutrition. |
Nutr Clin Pract. 1993 Dec;8(6):277-81.
Molybdenum: an essential trace element.
Sardesai VM.
Molybdenum deficiency is not found in free-living humans, but deficiency is reported in a patient receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition with clinical signs characterized by tachycardia, headache, mental disturbances, and coma. |
| Molybdenum supplementation recommended in parenteral nutrition. |
J Pharm Belg. 1991 May-Jun;46(3):189-96.
The nutritional importance and physiopathology of molybdenum in man.
Neve J.
Several pathological cases in animals and one case in man have been clearly attributed to molybdenum deficiency. It is the reason why molybdenum supplementation has been recommended in long term total parenteral nutrition in infants and adults. |
| Potassium may be beneficial for chronobiological disorders. |
Brain Res. 1989 Jul 17;492(1-2):300-4.
Potassium advances circadian activity rhythms: interactions with lithium.
Klemfuss H, Kripke DF.
Dietary potassium supplementation might have independent uses as treatment for chronobiological disorders. |
| Vitamin H (biotin) deficiency is all too common. |
Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):1061-8.
Indicators of marginal biotin deficiency and repletion in humans: validation of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid excretion and a leucine challenge.
Mock DM, Henrich CL, Carnell N, Mock NI.
A previous study of 10 subjects showed that the urinary excretion of biotin and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid (3HIA) are early and sensitive indicators of marginal biotin deficiency. |
| Vitamin H (biotin) is an important factor in regulation of gene expression. |
J Nutr Biochem. 2003 Dec;14(12):680-90.
Regulation of gene expression by biotin (review).
Rodriguez-Melendez R, Zempleni J.
Biotin deficiency causes decreased rates of cell proliferation, impaired immune function, and abnormal fetal development. Evidence is accumulating that biotin also plays an important role in regulating gene expression... |
| Vitamin C deficiency found in psychiatric patients. |
Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1983 Dec;37(6):447-52.
Plasma vitamin C concentrations in patients in a psychiatric hospital.
Schorah CJ, Morgan DB, Hullin RP.
Few patients had values as low as those found in clinical scurvy (less than 0.1 mg/100 ml), but many (32 per cent) had concentrations below the threshold (0.35 mg/100 ml) at which some detrimental effects on health have been reported. |
| Vitamin C is beneficial in age-related neurodegeneration. |
Neurosci Lett. 2003 May 8;341(3):173-6.
Plasma vitamin C, cholesterol and homocysteine are associated with grey matter volume determined by MRI in non-demented old people.
Whalley LJ, Staff RT, Murray AD, Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Lemmon HA, Starr JM, Deary IJ.
These data are consistent with the putative benefits of dietary vitamin C and folate intake and the role of cholesterol in age related neurodegeneration. |
| Vitamin H (biotin) may be beneficial in reducing symptoms of HIV infection. |
BETA. 1995 Sep;:16-20, 22-6.
Nutrition and HIV: a new model for treatment. Vitamins, minerals and trace elements.
Romeyn M.
AIDS: The role of vitamins and minerals in helping to reduce the symptoms of HIV infection are reviewed. Vitamins, including niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamins D and K, which are not helpful in large amounts for persons with HIV infection, are also discussed,... Recommendations on supplementation conclude the paper. |
| Vitamin A useful for prevention in public health programs. |
Nutr Rev. 2002 May;60(5 Pt 2):S77-83.
Adverse outcomes of poor micronutrient status in childhood and adolescence.
Viteri FE, Gonzalez H.
The results presented include responses to specific and multiple "experimental" interventions. A brief analysis of possible public health programs is presented, with emphasis on prevention.
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| Vitamin C status in schizophrenic patients may be associated with impaired ascorbic acid metabolism. |
Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1986 Nov;40(6):421-8.
Plasma levels and urinary vitamin C excretion in schizophrenic patients.
Suboticanec K, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Turcin R, Mestrovic B, Buzina R.
These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that schizophrenia may be associated with impaired ascorbic acid metabolism. |
| Vitamin H (biotin) leads to impaired glucose tolerance. |
Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May;58(2):427-33.
Optimum nutrition: thiamin, biotin and pantothenate.
Bender DA.
Biotin deficiency leads to impaired glucose tolerance,... |
| Vitamin C may be a useful memory-restorative agent for dementia. |
J Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Oct;93(2):129-35.
Ascorbic Acid: a promising memory-enhancer in mice.
Parle M, Dhingra D.
Hence, ascorbic acid might prove to be a useful memory-restorative agent in the treatment of dementia seen in elderly individuals. The underlying mechanism of action of ascorbic acid may be attributed to its antioxidant property. |
| Vitamin C supplementation in high levels is required by schizophrenic patients. |
Biol Psychiatry. 1990 Dec 1;28(11):959-66.
Vitamin C status in chronic schizophrenia.
Suboticanec K, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Korbar M, Mestrovic B, Buzina R.
The results of this study are in agreement with the hypothesis that schizophrenic patients require higher levels of vitamin C than the suggested optimal ascorbic acid requirement for healthy humans. |
| Vitamin C reduces many responses to psychological stress. |
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Jan;159(3):319-24. Epub 2001 Nov 20.
A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress.
Brody S, Preut R, Schommer K, Schurmeyer TH.
Treatment with high-dose sustained-release ascorbic acid palliates blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective response to acute psychological stress. These effects are not attributable to modification of adrenal responsiveness. |
| Vitamin A may be beneficial during pregnancy. |
Br J Nutr. 2004 Feb;91(2):279-86.
Mental and psychomotor development in Indonesian infants of mothers supplemented with vitamin A in addition to iron during pregnancy.
Schmidt MK, Muslimatun S, West CE, Schultink W, Hautvast JG.
However, smaller improvements in development may be seen if studied in a larger and/or more deficient population.
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| Vitamin A deficiency is devastating for health. |
Nutr Rev. 2002 May;60(5 Pt 2):S84-90.
Adverse effects of poor micronutrient status during childhood and adolescence.
Kapil U, Bhavna A.
Deficiencies of these three micronutrients are known to have devastating effects on health. |
| Vitamin A is necessary in genetic development of preschool children. |
Indian J Pediatr. 2004 Jan;71(1):59-62.
Role of micronutrients for physical growth and mental development.
Singh M.
However, it has been shown that it is not possible to meet 100% requirements of recommended dietary allowances (RDA's) of micronutrients from dietary sources alone and most preschool children need administration of nutritional supplements to optimize their genetic potential for physical growth and mental development. |
| Vitamin B12 may reduce incidence and progression of cognitive disorders. |
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2003 Mar;71(3):150-6.
Homocysteine and dementia.
Kessler H, Bleich S, Falkai P, Supprian T.
Hyperhomocysteinemia linked with cognitive impairment might be an indirect marker for low concentrations of vitamin B 12, vitamin B 6 or folate, resulting from low intake or from an impaired transport of the vitamins to the brain. |
| Vitamin B12 supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine. |
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;16(6):609-14.
Improvement of cognitive functions after cobalamin/folate supplementation in elderly patients with dementia and elevated plasma homocysteine.
Nilsson K, Gustafson L, Hultberg B.
Plasma homocysteine may be the best marker for detecting treatable cobalamin/folate deficiency in patients with dementia. |
| Vitamin B12 may be causally related to depression. |
Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;159(12):2099-101.
Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine in depression: the Rotterdam Study.
Tiemeier H, van Tuijl HR, Hofman A, Meijer J, Kiliaan AJ, Breteler MM.
The association of vitamin B(12) and folate with depressive disorders may have different underlying mechanisms. Vitamin B(12) may be causally related to depression, whereas the relation with folate is due to physical comorbidity.
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| Vitamin B3 attenuates ischemic brain injury in rats. |
Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1227-34.
Nicotinamide attenuates focal ischemic brain injury in rats: with special reference to changes in nicotinamide and NAD+ levels in ischemic core and penumbra.
Sadanaga-Akiyoshi F, Yao H, Tanuma S, Nakahara T, Hong JS, Ibayashi S, Uchimura H, Fujishima M.
In the nicotinamide groups, the brain nicotinamide levels increased significantly in all areas examined, and brain NAD+ levels increased in the penumbra but not in the ischemic core. Increased brain levels of nicotinamide are considered to be primarily important for neuroprotection against ischemia, and the protective action may be partly mediated through the increased NAD+ in the penumbra. |
| Vitamin B3 limits cell death after spinal cord injury. |
Acad Emerg Med. 2004 Feb;11(2):125-30.
Neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide after experimental spinal cord injury.
Brewer KL, Hardin JS.
Systemic nicotinamide serves to limit the rostro-caudal extent of cell death after experimental spinal cord injury. |
| Vitamin B3 prevents induced DNA fragmentation in neurodegeneration. |
Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1997 Sep-Dec;32(1-3):59-74.
The effects of aging and neurodegeneration on apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation and the benefits of nicotinamide.
Mukherjee SK, Adams JD Jr.
Nicotinamide, a precursor of NAD in the brain, was able to prevent DNA fragmentation induced by low-dose t-BuOOH, when coadministered with the toxin. |
| Vitamin B3 useful in the treatment of neurodegeneration. |
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Feb 16;1525(1-2):136-48.
Oxidative changes in brain pyridine nucleotides and neuroprotection using nicotinamide.
Klaidman LK, Mukherjee SK, Adams JD Jr.
Nicotinamide as a precursor for NAD+ may provide a useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of neurodegeneration. |
| Vitamin B9 deficiency is an important factor in depression. |
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;69(2):228-32.
Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression.
Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Crellin R, Toone BK, Carney MW, Reynolds EH.
Utilising total plasma homocysteine as a sensitive measure of functional folate deficiency, a biological subgroup of depression with folate deficiency, impaired methylation, and monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism has been identified. Detection of this subgroup, which will not be achieved by routine blood counts, is important in view of the potential benefit of vitamin replacement. |
| Vitamin B9 deficiency may precede AD and VaD onset. |
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;80(1):114-22.
Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia.
Quadri P, Fragiacomo C, Pezzati R, Zanda E, Forloni G, Tettamanti M, Lucca U.
These findings suggest that relative folate deficiency may precede AD and VaD onset. |
| Vitamin B9 indicated for a year following depression. |
Psychother Psychosom. 2003 Mar-Apr;72(2):80-7.
Depression and folate status in the US Population.
Morris MS, Fava M, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH.
Low folate status was detectable in depressed members of the general US population. Folate supplementation may be indicated during the year following a depressive episode. |
| Vitamin B9 is an important factor in the cognitive function of the elderly. |
Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 May;75(5):908-13.
Homocysteine, B vitamin status, and cognitive function in the elderly.
Duthie SJ, Whalley LJ, Collins AR, Leaper S, Berger K, Deary IJ.
B vitamins and homocysteine are associated with cognitive variation in old age. In the ABC21 but not the ABC36, homocysteine accounted for approximately 7-8% of the variance in cognitive performance. This may prove relevant to the design of neuroprotective studies in late life. |
| Vitamin B9 protects people at high risk of dementia. |
J Intern Med. 2003 Jul;254(1):67-75.
Effect of vitamins and aspirin on markers of platelet activation, oxidative stress and homocysteine in people at high risk of dementia.
Clarke R, Harrison G, Richards S; Vital Trial Collaborative Group.
Aspirin and B-vitamins were effective in reducing biochemical factors associated with cognitive impairment in people at risk of dementia. Large-scale trials are now required to assess the relevance of aspirin and B-vitamins for the maintenance of cognitive function in people at risk of dementia. |
| Vitamin B5 boosts cell energetics. |
FEBS Lett. 2004 Jul 2;569(1-3):169-72.
Pantothenic acid and pantothenol increase biosynthesis of glutathione by boosting cell energetics.
Slyshenkov VS, Dymkowska D, Wojtczak L.
Preincubation with pantothenic acid or pantothenol also increased cell respiration with pyruvate as the exogenous substrate. Although no significant increase of total cell CoA content could be found, it is concluded that the increase of the glutathione level was due to increased production of ATP that was, in turn, a result of the increased content of mitochondrial CoA. |
| Vitamin D reduces postmenopausal migraine headaches. |
Headache. 1994 Nov-Dec;34(10):590-2.
Alleviation of migraines with therapeutic vitamin D and calcium.
Thys-Jacobs S.
Therapeutic replacement with vitamin D and calcium resulted in a dramatic reduction in the frequency and duration of their migraine headaches. |
| Vitamin B6 offers relief for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. |
Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Jan;91(1):149-55.
Alternative therapies for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Aikins Murphy P.
There is a dearth of research to support or to refute the efficacy of a number of common remedies for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. The best-studied alternative remedy is acupressure, which may afford relief to many women; ginger and vitamin B6 also may be beneficial. |
| Vitamin B6 optimizes immune response. |
Nutr Rev. 1993 Aug;51(8):217-25.
Vitamin B6 and immune competence.
Rall LC, Meydani SN.
Deficiency of the vitamin has been associated with immunological changes observed in the elderly, persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and those with uremia or rheumatoid arthritis. Future research efforts should focus on establishing the mechanism underlying the effects of vitamin B6 on immunity and should attempt to establish safe intake levels that optimize immune response. |
| Vitamin D helps in the treatment of menstrual migraine headaches. |
Headache. 1994 Oct;34(9):544-6.
Vitamin D and calcium in menstrual migraine.
Thys-Jacobs S.
These observations suggest that vitamin D and calcium therapy should be considered in the treatment of migraine headaches. |
| Vitamin B6 improves cognition of the elderly. |
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004393.
The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition.
Malouf R, Grimley Evans J.
This review found evidence that there is scope for increasing some biochemical indices of vitamin B6 status among older people. More randomized controlled trials are needed to explore possible benefits from vitamin B6 supplementation for healthy older people and those with cognitively impairment or dementia. |
| Vitamin D important for treatment of bone diseases. |
Clin Biochem. 1981 Oct;14(5):213-22.
The vitamin D system: a view from basic science to the clinic.
Deluca HF.
Thus measurement of the vitamin D hormone and its precursor will be of great value in diagnosis of metabolic bone disease and most importantly, the availability of new vitamin D compounds will play an important role in the treatment of these bone diseases. |
| Vitamin D necessary in the prevention of common and serious diseases. |
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):362-71.
Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis.
Holick MF.
The recommended adequate intakes for vitamin D are inadequate, and, in the absence of exposure to sunlight, a minimum of 1000 IU vitamin D/d is required to maintain a healthy concentration of 25(OH)D in the blood. |
| Vitamin B2 supplementation necessary for elderly women. |
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):765-72.
B vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in elderly German women.
Wolters M, Hermann S, Hahn A.
Even in younger, well-educated, female seniors, the prevalence of low B vitamin status and elevated plasma tHcy concentration is high. Thiamine, pyridoxine, folate, and cobalamin supplementation should be considered. |
| Vitamin E aids in outcome of schizophrenia. |
ks. 2003 Aug 1;62(3):195-204.
Supplementation with a combination of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants (vitamins E and C) improves the outcome of schizophrenia.
Arvindakshan M, Ghate M, Ranjekar PK, Evans DR, Mahadik SP.
Future studies need be done in placebo-controlled trials and also with a comparison group supplemented with fatty acids alone in a larger number of patients, both chronic as well as never medicated, and for a longer duration of treatment while the dietary intake is monitored. This may establish the EPUFA supplementation a very effective treatment to improve the outcome for an extended period of time. |
| Vitamin E deficiency accompanies major depression. |
J Affect Disord. 2000 Jun;58(3):241-6.
Lower serum vitamin E concentrations in major depression. Another marker of lowered antioxidant defenses in that illness.
Maes M, De Vos N, Pioli R, Demedts P, Wauters A, Neels H, Christophe A.
Major depression is accompanied by significantly lower serum vitamin E concentrations, suggesting lower antioxidant defenses against lipid peroxidation. The results could, in part, explain previous findings, which suggest increased lipid peroxidation in major depression. |
| Vitamin E helps relieve oxidative stress and lung inflammation. |
Mol Aspects Med. 2003 Dec;24(6):391-402.
Effects of vitamin E and carotenoid status on oxidative stress in health and disease. Evidence obtained from human intervention studies.
Winklhofer-Roob BM, Rock E, Ribalta J, Shmerling DH, Roob JM.
Long-term supplementation reduced ex vivo LDL oxidizability, in vivo lipid peroxidation and lung inflammation. |
| Vitamin E is necessary for prevention of age-related diseases. |
J Postgrad Med. 2003 Jul-Sep;49(3):229-35.
Antioxidant micronutrients in the prevention of age-related diseases.
Polidori MC.
In general, a healthy lifestyle involving regular exercise and avoidance of tobacco or alcohol abuse are the key to the prevention of several age-related diseases including cardiovascular diseases, dementia and cancer. A balanced and regular nutrition with at least five portions of fruit and vegetables per day is a critical constituent of such a healthy lifestyle.
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| Vitamin E reduces risk of Alzheimer disease. |
Arch Neurol. 2004 Jan;61(1):82-8.
Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study.
Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS, Stone SV, Gustafson D, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Breitner JC; Cache County Study Group.
Use of vitamin E and vitamin C supplements in combination is associated with reduced prevalence and incidence of AD. Antioxidant supplements merit further study as agents for the primary prevention of AD. |
| Vitamin E supplementation protects against oxidative stress induced by strenuous exercise. |
Int J Sport Nutr. 1994 Sep;4(3):253-64.
alpha-Tocopherol supplementation in racing cyclists during extreme endurance training.
Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Huber G, Keck E, Keul J.
The findings indicate a protective effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation against oxidative stress induced by strenuous exercise. |
| Vitamin B1 in greater amounts helps in avoiding stress during pregnancy. |
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000 Dec;70(6):317-20.
Thiamin status of gravidas treated for gestational diabetes mellitus compared to their neonates at parturition.
Baker H, Hockstein S, DeAngelis B, Holland BK.
Perhaps increased thiamin supplementation during pregnancy seems warranted to avoid metabolic stress in mother and fetus due to thiamin hypovitaminemia. |
| Vitamin B1 may aid in working memory performance of alcoholics. |
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001 Jan;25(1):112-6.
Thiamin treatment and working memory function of alcohol-dependent people: preliminary findings.
Ambrose ML, Bowden SC, Whelan G.
A therapeutic relationship between dose and working memory performance was indicated. These results have important implications for the management and prevention of WKS, but further investigations are needed to substantiate the nature of the therapeutic relationship. |
| Vitamin B1 reverses neurodegeneration. |
Neurochem Int. 2002 May;40(6):493-504.
Interactions of oxidative stress with thiamine homeostasis promote neurodegeneration.
Gibson GE, Zhang H.
The data indicate that the interactions of thiamine-dependent processes with oxidative stress are critical in neurodegenerative processes. |
| Vitamin B1 improves errors of metabolism. |
Curr Mol Med. 2001 May;1(2):197-207.
Molecular mechanisms of thiamine utilization.
Singleton CK, Martin PR.
A number of inborn errors of metabolism have been described in which clinical improvements can be documented following administration of pharmacological doses of thiamine, such as thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia.
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| Vitamin B2 improves metabolic parameters in the brain and muscle. |
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 Oct;12(10):1655-79.
Targeting cellular energy production in neurological disorders.
Baker SK, Tarnopolsky MA.
Miscellaneous agents, including alpha-lipoic acid, beta-OH-beta-methylbutyrate, riboflavin and nicotinamide, have also been shown to improve various metabolic parameters in brain and/or muscle. |
| Vitamin B2 improves motor functions in Parkinson's disease patients. |
Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003 Oct;36(10):1409-17. Epub 2003 Sep 16.
High doses of riboflavin and the elimination of dietary red meat promote the recovery of some motor functions in Parkinson's disease patients.
Coimbra CG, Junqueira VB.
All 19 patients who completed 6 months of treatment showed improved motor capacity during the first three months and most reached a plateau while 5/19 continued to improve in the 3- to 6-month interval. |
| Vitamin B2 is necessary the more one exercises. |
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2 Suppl):598S-606S.
Effect of physical activity on thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements.
Manore MM.
Exercise appears to decrease nutrient status even further in active individuals with preexisting marginal vitamin intakes or marginal body stores. Thus, active individuals who restrict their energy intake or make poor dietary choices are at greatest risk for poor thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 status. |
| Chromium may be effective in insulin-sensitizing measures for treating depression. |
Med Hypotheses. 1994 Oct;43(4):247-52.
Enhancing central and peripheral insulin activity as a strategy for the treatment of endogenous depression--an adjuvant role for chromium picolinate?
McCarty MF.
Chromium picolinate, perhaps in conjunction with other insulin-sensitizing measures such as low-fat diet and aerobic exercise training (already shown to be beneficial in depression), should be tested as an adjuvant for the treatment and secondary prevention of depression. |
| Lemon bioflavonoids inhibit bone loss in mice. |
J Nutr. 2003 Jun;133(6):1892-7.
Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, inhibits bone loss and decreases serum and hepatic lipids in ovariectomized mice.
Chiba H, Uehara M, Wu J, Wang X, Masuyama R, Suzuki K, Kanazawa K, Ishimi Y.
These results suggest a possible role for citrus flavonoids in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases because of their beneficial effects on bone and lipids. |
| Folic acid recommended for prevention of neural tube defects. |
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Sep 27;4(1):20.
A comprehensive evaluation of food fortification with folic acid for the primary prevention of neural tube defects.
Liu S, West R, Randell E, Longerich L, O'connor KS, Scott H, Crowley M, Lam A, Prabhakaran V, McCourt C.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, mandatory food fortification in Canada should continue at the current levels. Public education regarding folic acid supplement use by women of childbearing age should also continue. |
| Folic acid supplementation strongly urged for pregnancy. |
Br J Biomed Sci. 2004;61(2):84-7.
Folate and homocysteine levels in pregnancy.
Megahed MA, Taher IM.
The results suggest that pregnant females with short interpregnancy intervals are more likely to develop folate deficiency. Educational strategies are required to increase folate awareness among women to promote the benefits of folic acid supplementation. Mandatory folate fortification of foods should be defined and monitored. |
| Lemon bioflavonoids reduce oxidative stress in rats. |
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Aug 2;274(2):389-93.
Preparation of a monoclonal antibody to N(epsilon)-(Hexanonyl)lysine: application to the evaluation of protective effects of flavonoid supplementation against exercise-induced oxidative stress in rat skeletal muscle.
Kato Y, Miyake Y, Yamamoto K, Shimomura Y, Ochi H, Mori Y, Osawa T.
The supplementation of eriocitrin (lemon flavonoid) significantly suppressed the increase in N(epsilon)-(hexanonyl)lysine (HEL) in the skeletal muscle by exercise in rats. |
